from collections import Counter

# Counting elements in a list
data_list = ["apple", "banana", "apple", "orange", "banana", "apple", "grape", "orange"]
fruit_counts = Counter(data_list)
print(f"Fruit counts: {fruit_counts}")

# Counting characters in a string
text = "hello world"
char_counts = Counter(text)
print(f"Character counts: {char_counts}")

# Accessing counts
print(f"Count of 'apple': {fruit_counts['apple']}")
print(f"Count of 'mango' (not present): {fruit_counts['mango']}") # Returns 0 for missing items

# Finding the most common elements
print(f"Top 2 most common fruits: {fruit_counts.most_common(2)}")
print(f"All items sorted by count: {fruit_counts.most_common()}")

# Performing arithmetic operations on Counters (like merging counts)
another_batch = Counter(["apple", "grape", "kiwi"])
total_counts = fruit_counts + another_batch
print(f"Total counts after adding another batch: {total_counts}")

# Subtracting counts
fruit_counts.subtract({"apple": 1, "banana": 1})
print(f"Fruit counts after subtracting some: {fruit_counts}")

# Elements method to iterate over elements repeatedly
print("Elements in original order (not guaranteed, just example):")
for item in sorted(fruit_counts.elements()):
    print(item, end=" ")
print("
")

# Converting to a dictionary
print(f"As dictionary: {dict(fruit_counts)}")